نمونه ترجمه تخصصی پزشکی درباره بیان ژن های p16 و Muc1

expression of P16 and MUC1 genes

The term “anthracosis” is comprised of “antrac” for coal or carbon and “osis” for a mode or a condition. Technically, anthracosis is featured with black plaques on bronchus mucus, pulmonary parenchyma, respiratory bronchial, which can be diagnosed through bronchoscopy [17]. The disease is called bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF) when it causes deformity and lumen bronchus stenosis [18]. In addition, damage to bronchus mucus disrupts cilia sweeping function that leads to other infections like pulmonary tuberculosis [19]. Some of pathophysiology authors have mentioned bronchial stenosis, large lymph nodes with or without calcification and high risk of malignant tuberculosis as the results of inhalation of biomass smock [34]. There is no record of anthracosis plaques, bronchial stenosis, and deformation in the individual with COPD (with smoking history); thereby, anthracosis cases diagnosed through bronchoscopy are not considered as a COPD case [35]. In general, anthracosis is mostly initiated from respiratory bronchiole, which is a part of respiratory zone [40]. Coughing and dyspnea are of the most common symptoms of BAF and anthracosis (Table1) along with sibilant rhonchi heard through physical examination [24]. In some cases, anthracosis is misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, lung cancer, or pneumonia [71]. Cytology studies on the lung tissue have shown that inter-bronchial anthracosis and lymphadenopathy meditation are coincident with the early primitive adenocarcinoma. Thereby, one may conclude that there is a significant relationship between anthracosis and lung carcinoma [75]. Lung carcinoma is the most common type of cancer in men all around the world [30]. It includes small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) [83]. The former is highly lethal and there is a high mortality rate among SCLC patients [85]. Today, many researchers work on finding new non-invasive biomarkers to assess, screen, categorize, and survey cancers [105]. P16 is a tumor suppressor protein with proved anti-tumor properties [108]. There are evidences of the effectiveness of expression of P16 protein in uncontrolled cellular proliferation and tumors growth. In addition, deactivation of P16 gene has been observed in 25-70% of lung carcinoma cases. Thereby, there is a relationship between changes in P16 gene activation and tumor occurrence [109]. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a membrane glycoprotein comprised of two subunits of MUC1-N (extracellular mucin subunit) and MUC1-C (transmembrane mucin subunit) that functions as an oncoprotein [127].