نمونه ترجمه تخصصی پزشکی درباره بیماران تحت درمان همودیالیز

Hemodialysis patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) covers a range of different pathological processes associated with abnormal function of the kidney and gradual decrease of glomeruli filtration that leads to end stage renal disease (ESRD). The term ERSD is used when about 90% of kidney function is lost and the body fails to keep the water and electrolyte balance, dispose of waste materials, and keep the normal function of hormones [2]. There are different methods to treat kidney failure patients and hemodialysis is one and the most common of them[3]. Hemodialysis patients suffer a wide range of problems and side-effects and anemia in these patients is frequently mentioned in lab reports [3]. Although, other patients with renal function failure demonstrate the symptoms of anemia, the severity of the disorder in advanced renal failure patients on chronic hemodialysis is higher [4]. Hier Afshin et al. (2007) reported anemia in 82% of hemodialysis patients and 48% of the cases were severe anemia [5]. Anemia, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is defined as hemoglobin level less than 13g/dl in men and postmenopausal women and 12g/dl in women before menopausal. The majority of patients (90%) with GFR of 25ml/min are diagnosed as an anemia case since their hemoglobin level is less than 10g/dl. Initiation of anemia in chronic renal failure patients is relatively faster so that it starts when GFR is at 25-30ml/min range [6]. Anemia in renal failure patients can gradually lead to several physiological disorders such as hypoxia, cardiomegaly, increased cardiac output, hyperthrophy of ventricles, angina, heart failure [8], cognitive and cerebral disorders, immune system failure and changes in menstrual cycle [7]. Anemia in children might lead to growth disorders and attenuation of creativity and intelligence. In general, anemia degrades quality of life and decreases life expectancy [9]. Nowadays, erythropoietin is one of the main bases of anemia treatment in patients with renal failure [10]. It is a glycoprotein hormone that is secreted in adults mostly by the kidney and by the liver to a less extent. The hormone stimulate the bone morrow to produce red blood cells. The body’s response to erythropoietin depends on dosage, type of administration, and frequency of administration [11].