نمونه ترجمه تخصصی پزشکی درباره سونوگرافی تیروئید در زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان

Thyroid Sonography in the Women with Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy and it is also the leading cause of cancer death in women (1). In addition, in Iran like many other developing and developed countries, the breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women (2) and the Iranian women are affected by breast cancer one decade sooner than the women in advanced countries (3). This issue imposes a great treatment and economic burden on the health system of the country (4). There are various risk factors leading to breast cancer that some of which have been proven to exert an effect on breast cancer while there are some different and contradictory reports on some other factors (5). The new lifestyle, eating unhealthy foods, aging population, smoking, contraceptive pills and replacing estrogen during the menopause are considered some of the proven risk factors in different studies (6-8). According to some studies, it has been said that there is a relationship between breast cancer and thyroid diseases (9-11). The results of the studies on the relationship between breast cancer with thyroid diseases are contradictory such that a relationship was observed in the study conducted in 2003 (12). Furthermore, the study conducted by Gogas et al. reported a major epidemic of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with breast cancer (13). A study was conducted by Aliasgarzadeh et al. in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2011 where no relationship was found between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer in the women with breast cancer (14). On the other hand, according to another study a significant relationship was observed between the autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer (15). These findings led to the study on the relationship between breast cancer with autoimmune thyroid diseases and the researchers reported a greater epidemic of autoimmune thyroid disorders in the women with breast cancer in the control of patients with breast cancer in comparison with the control group of the same age (14, 16, 17). One of the methods used to examine the conditions of thyroid nodules is to use the TI-RADS system to classify the conditions of the patients that have attracted the attention of the researchers (18, 19). The American College of Radiology developed Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) to identify the standard pattern of thyroid lesions and its relationship with malignancies (20). In this system, the sonographic features are determined as benign, least suspicious, relatively suspicious or very suspicious for malignancy (20). When evaluating a nodule, the characteristics of the nodule are selected from the features of content, echogenicity, shape, margins and echogenic foci, and finally, the TIRADS grade for the nodule will be obtained through the whole features. The total grade determines the TIRADS ACR level of nodule whose extent ranges from TR1 (benign) to TR5 (very suspicious for malignancy) (21.22). Considering the clinical findings and the contradictories about the relationship between breast cancer and thyroid diseases, the thyroid nodules were examined based on TIRAD system in the present study.