نمونه ترجمه تخصصی علوم غذایی درباره تاثیر ترکیبات پلی فنولیک بر آسیب ایجاد شده توسط مگس گلرنگ

Inhibitory effect of Polyphenolic compounds on the damage caused by the safflower fly

Safflower seeds are used as cooking oil and poultry feed [1]. Oil content of safflower ranges between 29 and 34% and it considered as a quality oil given its bright color, high iodine index, and pleasant taste [2]. In addition, safflower oil is rich of linoleic and oleic acids that are ingredients for eicosanoids generation. They have anti-blood pressure and vasodilation effect and adjust the immune system [3]. Despite all the nutrient and medical values of the plant, it has received less attention recently from economic viewpoint as a strategic plant. One reason for this is the decline in safflower seed productivity, which is due to a specific pest known as safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthin). The larvae of the insect feed on the leaflet of the flower and damage the seed so that in addition to a decrease in oil content in the contaminated seeds (about 37.8%) it even completely damages the seed [4]. Chemical pesticides are not efficient ways to fight the pest given its multi-host and polyphagia nature and its spawning method [5]. It appears, therefore, that using resistive genotypes is the best way to control the pest. The wild genotypes like C. glaucus, C. palaestinus, C. tenuis, and C. oxyacanth are resistive to the fly [4]. A mixture of C. tinctorius * C. oxyacanthus yielded a safflower population with black seed crust resistive to safflower fly (A82¬) [6]. Insects resistance mechanism in plants is categorized as antixenosis, antibiosis, and endurance [7]. Antixenosis mechanism is one of the morphological specifications that keeps insects away from the host plant [8]. Specific structures of the seed like the wool, wax, surface wax, fiber crusts, rigidness, and color are the morphological specifications of antibiosis mechanism [9]. Using antibiosis mechanism, the plant produces biochemical compounds that negatively affect growth, reproduction, and survival of the insect [10]. Physiological toxin chemical compounds are the most common compounds involved in developing resistance through antibiosis mechanism in plants. There are five groups of these chemical compounds namely terpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, glucosinolaes, and flavonoids. All these compounds belong to a large group of secondary metabolites [11]. In addition, some non-nutrient compounds in the seed like lectins proteinase inhibitors, and alpha-amylases inhibitors affect this mechanism [12]. In the case of endurance mechanism, while the plant is inflicted, it keeps growing without a considerable loss of strength and yield; although it is damaged to some extent [13]. Some authors believe that barely only one defense mechanism is used and in most of the cases, two or three mechanisms are engaged [14]. There has been no report for antixenousis defense mechanism in safflower against safflower fly. However, Emri and Nols [15] claimed that the seed color can create resistance to seed bugs. In our previous work, we showed that colored seed crust, compared to white crust, tend to be thicker and with higher density. Based on this finding, the authors proposed that morphological structure, rigidity, and seed crust color can be involved in the resistance against safflower fly through antibiosis mechanisms [16].