Institutional control
Institutional investors are major investors like banks, insurance companies, investment firms, retirement funds, and so on. They usually possess a considerable portion of the shares of a firm and are very experienced in investment business, which gives them enough motivation and capability to extent their supervision on the firm. It is generally believed that presence of institutional investors may change behavior and performance of firms, which is due to supervision of the institutional investors on the firms. Buhee argued that institutional investors perform their supervising role implicitly through collecting information and pricing decisions by managers and explicitly through manipulating management of the company. Kaplan found that presence of major investors has to do with major changes in the management team, which highlights supervising role of the shareholders.

Traffic incidents are of the main health issues all around the world and cause countless deaths, heavy casualties, and considerable tangible and intangible damages. In this regard, mass casualty traffic incidents are worthy of special attentionas, in addition to all losses and damages, they cause challenges in the way of providing health services to the victims. The present study is an attempt to scrutinize the challenges and facilitators in the management of mass casualty traffic incidents in Iran. This qualitative study was carried out with participation of 14 experienced managers and personnel of aid organizations in different provinces of Iran. The study was carried out through grounded theory method and through semi-structured interviews. Despite the relative and recent improvements in available facilities and management procedure of mass casualty traffic incidents in Iran, the conceptual model developed here revealed several problems such as lack of coordination, lack of centralized and integrated command system, large number of organizations participating in the operation, reworks and parallel operations done by the organizations, intervention of the lay people, cultural factors, and lack of facilities and equipment that in many cases halt the provision of effective health services to the victims. Taking into account the large number of victims and the extent of the incidents, timely and coordinated management of the incidents might decrease the casualties. Thereby, merging emergency phone numbers and establishing and running emergency operation centers (EOC) in the participating organization along with ensuring coordination and convergence among the organization increase the chance of optimum utilization of potentials and facilities of these organizations. To improve pace and quality of aid services to those injured in an incident, improving theoretical and practical knowledge of the relief personnel, providing public education about the first aids and driving culture, informing the public about the necessity of not intervening in aid operation, and improving quality and quantity of aid facilities are recommended.