Job stress in Iranian nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Today, job stress is one of the main phenomena of social life and a serious threat to individual’s health in the world. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), job stress is the most renowned threat to health in individuals [1]. It is estimated that 75% of medical problems is directly caused by stress; thus, stress is responsible for the notably heavy costs of health care services and poor performances [2]. Based on studies over the past few decades, nursing profession is one of the stressful and challenging jobs given its specialized nature, complicacy, and the need for managing emergency situations [3, 4]. Job stress in nurses is a source of concern as to mental health, mental diseases, and disorder in employees’ performance. It can have negative effects on nurses’ attitudes and behavior [5, 6]. Among the factors that might create stress at work environment for nurses are conflicts with patients, interpersonal relationship with physicians and other colleagues, low support for nurses, high job demand, leadership and management style, lack of a rewarding system, rotating work schedule, dealing with emotional needs of patients, overtime work, facing death, and ambiguity of medication results [7, 8]. In addition, the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has added to psychophysical problems of medical team members and nurses in particular who are in direct contact with COVID-19 patients [9, 10]. COVID-19 disease is a new member of Cronaviridae, which was found in 2019 [11]. The virus causes symptoms like respiratory infection, fever, coughing, dyspnea, and respiratory disorders. The severe cases demonstrate pneumonia, severe respiratory syndrome, liver failure, and even death [12]. The mortality rate estimate of COVID-19 by WHO is 2% and some researchers have estimated 3% - 6% mortality rate [13]. COVID-19 disease is a serious global health threat [14] and the biggest atypic pneumonia outbreak since SARS . In a few weeks after the outbreak of COVID-19, total number of death cases exceeded that of SARS [15].
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