نمونه ترجمه تخصصی روانشناسی درباره انیمال تراپی و کاهش اضطراب کودکان

animal therapy and alleviation of anxiety in children

Children constitute a large portion of the world population. Their physical, emotional, mental, and behavioral growth have been always a concern of scientists and researchers. Over the past 25 years, behavioral, social, and emotional problems of children have been among the main and critical issues in psychology and psychiatry (Mash & Barkley, 2014). Epidemiology studies have shown that with a prevalence range of 5-17%, anxiety is one of the main psychological disorders in childhood (Castlo and Angold 1995; cited by Heidari et al., 2016). Anxiety disorder is one of the common disorders in childhood and it can lead to other disorders. Such disorder intervenes with function in other fields and usually appears along with other disorders like depression and uncontrollable behavioral disorders. Children with anxiety disorder are at a high risk of committing suicide and psychology disorders when they become teenagers or adults (Matin, 2009). By anxiety, we refer to unpleasant emotions that are expressed by terms like “worries,” “fear,” and “panic.” Everyone experiences different levels of anxiety during their life (Etkinson, et al. 2016). It is an indispensable part of childhood and a sign of normal growth of children. In fact, it may have positive effects on child’s growth as it gives the child a chance to develop coping strategy and to deal with stressors and causes of anxiety in the future (Hiose, 1996). Anxiety, in its comparative form (در شکل تطابقی خود), helps children to adapt to others’ world. A normal level of anxiety has a regulating function and helps the child to adapt their behaviors to social, educational, and cultural expectations. On the other hand, too low and too high anxiety can be a cause of maladaptation. The individuals who demonstrate antisocial behaviors or behaviors related to conduct disorder are usually do not have anxiety arousal (برانگیختگی اضطراب). Constant and excessive anxiety also causes maladaptation, which leads to distress (پریشانی) and interruption of development process (Graham, 2003). According to Silverman (2011), although, the experience of fears and worries, as a part of the development process, is temporary in many children, some of them have this experience for a longer period of time and with high intensity so that it disrupts their daily functions (Mychailyzvn, Mendez, and Kendall 2010). According to Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) anxiety disorders diagnosed in children are separation anxiety disorder, opted muteness, specific phobia, social anxiety, panic anxiety, generalized anxiety, anxiety caused by drugs, and anxiety caused by physical disease. A common aspect in all these disorders is that they appear as special and non-continuous responses, cognitive organs responses (physiological), and behavioral responses (American Psychiatric Association, 2014). Anxiety and the resultant disorders degrade abilities of children notably and lead to problems