optic nerve sonography to diagnose ischemic CVA and hemorrhagic CVA
Cerebral vascular accident is one of the neurological disorders that affects the function of body limbs and the physical perception of the body [1]. Depending on the pathological process, a CVA is categorized as either hemorrhage or ischemic [2]. Prevalence of CVA ranges from 0.2 to 2.5 per 1000 and it is less common in women [3]. A study in Iran reported that the prevalence of CVA in men and women was 265 and 279 per 100000 respectively [4]. Annual cost of the health cares for CVA patients in the USA is about 71.8 billion dollars [3].
Prevalence of ischemic CVA is higher than hemorrhage CVA [5]. A variety of risk factors have been determined for CVA such as age, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, mellitus diabetes, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, and nonvalvular artrial fibrillation [6]. In addition, high blood pressure, smoking, and alcohol have been reported as the risk factors of subarachnoid bleeding [7]. High blood pressure and oral anticoagulation medications are the risk factors with strongest relationship with intracerebral bleedings [8].
Stroke is the main cause of serious and long-term disabilities. Among the neural defects with debilitating outcomes, eye sight, motor, sensory, verbal, and cognitive impairments are notable [3]. Studies have shown that an increase in cerebral pressure is a prognosis of CVA [9]. On the other hand, neural scan using MRI and CT SCAN and transferring the patient to the ICU are not practical methods for patients with an increase cerebral pressure [10].
There are different ways to measure the diameter of optic nerve; however, sonography is a safe, simple, easy to access, reliable, and non-invasive method [11]. Studies have shown that expansion of optic nerve sheath is an expression of increased cerebral pressure [12, 13]. It is easy to examine optic nerve sheath using ultrasound waves on the eyes axis [14]. The diameter of optic nerve sheath at a fixed distance behind the retina has been examined as a way to diagnose and measure high cerebral pressure with risk of cerebral damage and intracerebral bleeding [9, 15].
Modern medical care management for CVA patients is concentrated on limiting cerebral damage, providing secondary prevention, and facilitate post-CVA recovery [16]. Given the high therapeutic sensitivity of CVA, it is imperative to have a care organizing system. Sonography of optic nerve diameter is a screening tool to diagnose patients at the risk of poor prognosis [17]. Given the importance of the issue, the present study is an attempt to examine ischemic and hemorrhage CVA diagnosis using optic nerve sonography in CVA patients visiting Imam Hossein, Loghman, and Shohadaie Tajrish hospitals
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